信用合作社已经创造叫中心因种种原因， 从成员抱怨到在亲自为用户效劳并且应答电话呼叫之间在成员维修代表身上抵触需求的范围内。除改进的成员服务之外，正在运送交易到一个电话时，中心能导致显著的成本节约。 研究显示买卖双方直接交易交易费用在3.50 美元和4.50 每一个元之间，当自动化时和在1 美元和1.50 美元之间的电话交易费用。 接见的执行者说那些考虑到一个电话中心应该： 1 . 挑合适的人们并且给他们足够的训练，空间和设备，2。 挑正确的电话系统，3。 保持交易安全，4。 既客观又主观测量结果，以及5。使用销售和鼓励的工具定价叫中心使用。 作者及单位名称：Minderman, Dean C刊名及卷、期数：Credit Union Management. Madison: Jul 1995. Vol. 18, Iss. 7; pg. 36, 3 pgs 15所用数据库名称：ProQuest Business-ProQuest Asian Business检索的时间范围：All Dates论文题目(Title)：Swaps Group Urges Futures Agency to Rethink Proposals文摘(Abstract)：Publicly reported losses by municipalities and pension funds have been in transactions involving securities, not swaps, the association maintains. "At the same time, recently publicized disputes regarding swaps transactions have involved large corporations and banks that are 'eligible participants' under any definition," the association said.In large part, the businesses of banks and other financial institutions, government-sponsored entities, and corporations that provide and use swaps and other similar over-the-counter transactions are based on the legal conclusion that these transactions are not futures contracts subject to federal futures trading laws, the association said."ISDA believes that the CFTC should avoid steps that will reverse a seven-year effort to provide legal certainty for swaps transactions, create new confusions as to the legal standards applicable to swaps, potentially render a large number of transactions void and unenforceable and undermine the continued growth of swap activity."译文：公开报告通过自治市和养老基金的损失在与证券有关的交易过程中，不交换，协会主张。 "同时， 最近宣布关于交易与是' 合格参加者'在任何定义下的大公司和银行有关的交换的争论"，协会说。 在大的部分， 银行和其他金融机构，政府发起的实体的生意， 以及公司，那提供并且使用交换和其他相似柜台交易基于合法这些交易不是期货签订须经联邦期货贸易法律的结论， 协会说。 "ISDA相信CFTC避免走将抵消一7 年提供给交换交易的合法确信的努力， 关于对交换适用的法律标准造成新混乱，潜在使得许多交易无效和无法实施并且破坏交换活动的持续的增长"。 刊名及卷、期数 Credit Union Management. Madison: Jul 1995. Vol. 18, Iss. 7; pg. 36, 3 pgs 16、所用数据库名称：ProQuest Business-ProQuest Asian Business检索的时间范围：All Dates论文题目(Title)：Market Efficiency Across Securities Exchange文摘(Abstract)：The efficient market hypothesis holds that investors are aware of all information concerning prices of securities. Any new information is quickly reflected in the current prices of securities without bias. This efficient dissemination of information thus makes it impossible for investors to earn consistently superior investment returns. The hypothesis is strongly supported by studies of large investment firms on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). However, the pricing efficiencies of the American Stock Exchange (ASE), regional stock exchanges, and over-the-counter transactions are not as rigorous. From a large sample of common stock transactions, results show that securities off the NYSE are more likely to sell at prices farther away from equilibrium values than those on the NYSE. The involvement of smaller companies implies a loss of efficiency in the digestion and processing of price information. Away from the NYSE, securities tend to be underpriced, enabling investors to earn higher rates of return on short-term security trades.译文：有效率的市场假说认为投资者知道全部关于证券的价格的信息。 任何新信息被无偏见迅速反映在证券的时价上。信息的这有效率的传播如此使投资者一贯挣优良的投资利润不可能。 假说强烈大投资的研究支持坚决支持纽约证券交易所(纽约证券交易所)。不过，美国证券交易所(ASE) 的定价效率，地区证券交易所，和柜台交易不那么严格。 从一个普通股交易的大的样品，结果显示与在纽约证券交易所上的相比较，离纽约证券交易所的证券很可能远离平衡值以价格出售。更小的公司的介入在消化和价格行情的处理过程中暗示效率的丧失。离开纽约证券交易所，证券倾向于被定价过低，使投资者能够关于短期保密贸易获得更高的收益率。 作者及单位名称：Lease, Ronald C., Lewellen, Wilbur G.刊名及卷、期数 ：Journal of Economics and Business. New York: 1982. Vol. 34, Iss. 2; pg. 17、所用数据库名称：ProQuest Business-ProQuest Asian Business检索的时间范围：All Dates论文题目(Title)：A Hedge in the Future文摘(Abstract)：Financial futures (contracts to buy or sell securities at an agreed-upon price on a specified future date) offer investors various financial planning opportunities. A contract can be canceled by the buyer or seller at any time by entering an opposite contract. By hedging financial futures, financial planners can freeze portfolio values and protect clients from unfavorable interest rate fluctuations. Financial planners can use financial futures to freeze their clients' costs of borrowing by maintaining current interest rates; real estate developers find this technique advantageous. Also, financial planners can freeze clients' lending or investing rates. Examples of these applications are included. Compared to possible losses from changes in interest rates, hedging is relatively economical. Moreover, interest rates and the stock market can be predicted by financial futures since futures prices are merely expectations and, as such, can be self-fulfilling 译文：金融期货(签合同买或者出售在一双方商定的价格关于一棵指定的未来日期的证券) 给投资者提供各种各样的编制财政计划机会。 通过输入一份相反的合同随时买方或者卖方可能取消一份合同。在套头交易金融期货时，金融计划者能结冰文件夹估价并且保护客户挡住不利的利率波动。金融计划者能使用金融期货通过保持当今的利率冻结他们的客户的借款成本; 地产发展商发现这种技术有利。此外，金融计划者能冻客户借给或者投资的比率。 这些应用的例子被包括。 与来自在利率方面的变化的可能的损失相比，套头交易相对节约。 www.dxs56.com

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