从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用,标签：英语论文范文,毕业论文范文,http://www.dxs56.com
　　
　　2.4.2 Syntactical negationThis method can lesson the painful impact of the languagethat is not welcomed. We say she is not pretty (Actually sheis very ugly), but that is acceptable, because not pretty doesnot equal to “ugly”, it could be “plain” too. Not pretty has awider range of meaning than ugly. Similar usages are as thefollowing: I don’t think, I am afraid, I am not sure, I don'tlike,etc. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　2.4.3 First personal pronounsThe use of first personal pronouns like we, ours, us, etc,can also make our speeches sound more euphemistic. You wouldfeel more welcomed if you used we or our quite often. If adoctor said to you how do we feel today, you would feel verywarm and comfortable, because it makes you think that thiskind doctor takes your illness as mutual concern.
　　
　　3 Communicative functions of euphemismsLanguage is for communication, whereas euphemisms may leadto better communication. Using euphemisms can avoid beingpresumptuous in language communication. When we have to touchsome topics that are unpleasant, we tend to choose moreeuphemistic expressions to refer to those painful topics so asnot to hurt the hearer’s feeling. We can find the theoreticalfoundation for this motivation in Leech’s PolitenessPrinciple. Euphemisms just minimize the impoliteness andmaximize the politeness in communication. The functions ofeuphemisms are in agreement with those of Politeness Principletoo, as they both offer more benefit to the hearer and leavemore cost to the speaker, with the purpose that both of thetwo sides will feel respected and have favorable impression ofeach other. As politeness is usually regarded as themanifestation of human civilization, euphemism is one of themost effective strategies to display politeness whilemodulating interpersonal relationship in human communication.
　　
　　3.1 SubstitutionAccording to the definitions of euphemism and we know thata great number of English euphemisms serve as thesubstitutions for verbal taboos. The term taboo ( ta meaning“mark”, boo meaning “exceedingly”) of Polynesian origindenotes anything linguistic and nonlinguistic, which isprohibited or forbidden. Taboo refers to the situation inwhich a word or name can be used in a community only underspecial conditions, whether only by certain persons or only incertain circumstances. Just as violating a cultural taboo canbe quite offensive, so is it with a verbal taboo in pressconferences. The “word” has been and continues to be in mostsocieties perceived as a powerful instrument that may evokeevil spirits, make bad things happen and instigate to violenceand revolution and numerous other activities. While taboo ofwords occurs when a particular topic is considered valid fordiscussion, euphemistic expression or terms are required. Sodiplomatic euphemisms have a very serious reason for being. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　They can conceal the things people fear most —death, the deador the supernatural. Euphemisms can also eliminateunhappiness, embarrassment and fear etc. so as to relievepeople psychologically.
　　
　　3.2 PolitenessPoliteness is another very important function thateuphemisms serve in social life. "Some of the euphemisms areused to avoid crudeness and indecency for the sake of a politeconversation."[15] Grice formulated Cooperative Principle ofutterance in which the Maxim of Manner was defined as “Beperspicuous and specific; To avoid obscurity; To avoidambiguity; To be brief and to be orderly.” The roundaboutnature of  euphemisms goes against the Maxim of Manner, whichcan only be fairly explained well by Leech’s PolitenessPrinciple “Approbation Maxim: minimize dispraise of other,maximize praise of other”. In other words, euphemisms are tominimize impolite expressions and maximize polite expressions.
　　
　　3.3 DisguiseBesides the two functions of euphemisms mentioned above,there is still another one more important function at work ineuphemistic communication, namely, the Disguise Function. Herewe mean that because of the vagueness of euphemisms, it hasbecome a very important tool for political leaders or thediplomats or statesmen to distort the facts or and present afalse picture of peace and prosperity and to beautify whateverthe authority have done. For example, in the Iraq War, theyuse “Operation Iraqi Freedom” for beautifying their militaryinvasion, “possible movement” refers to military attack, “airoperation” or “air strikes” for air attack, “enter the war” toshow their reluctance to fight the war etc. and we may findmany such kind of these euphemisms in press conferences. Themost important and ultimate function or purpose of the use ofdiplomatic euphemisms in press conferences is to disguise orbeautify their invasive essence or other evil actions or theseparation of words from truth. In American and Britishsocieties nowadays, diplomatic euphemisms are always purposelydevised to disguise scandals in wars and politics,deliberately invented to beautify lowly occupations andexcessively inflated to promote sales in advertisement. www.dxs56.com

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