从合作原则看英语委婉语的使用,标签：英语论文范文,毕业论文范文,http://www.dxs56.com
　　
　　4. The Cooperative PrincipleBefore going on, we look at two examples, as follows:
　　
　　(1) "A: Can you tell me the time?
　　
　　B: Well, the mail has already come.
　　
　　(2)  A: Are you going to John’s birthday party?
　　
　　B: I’ve heard Mary is going."[16]
　　
　　It seems there are some mistake in the conversations. Butin fact, it is correct. The Cooperative Principle will help usunderstand more.
　　
　　The Cooperative Principle is as follows:" Make yourconversational contribution such as is required, at the stageat which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction ofthe talk exchange in which you are engaged."[17]
　　
　　According Grice, Cooperative principle is classified intofour categories: quantity, quality, relation and manner. Thecategory of quantity relates to the quantity ofinformation tobe provided, and under it fall the following maxims：
　　
　　4.1 The maxim of Quality:
　　
　　"Try to make your contribution one that is true,.specifically:
　　
　　(i) do not say what you believe to be false.
　　
　　(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence"[18]
　　
　　4.2 The maxim of Quantity:
　　
　　"(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required forthe current purposes of the exchange(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than isrequired"[19]
　　
　　4.3 The maxim of Relation:
　　
　　"Make your contribution relevant."[20]
　　
　　4.4 The maxim of Manner:
　　
　　"Be perspicuous and specifically:
　　
　　(i) avoid obscurity of expression.
　　
　　(ii) avoid ambiguity.
　　
　　(iii) be brief(iv) be orderly."[21]
　　
　　From what mentioned above, we may know that theCooperative Principle enables one participant in aconversation to communicate on the assumption that the otherparticipant is being cooperative. These four maxims form anecessary part of the description of linguistic meaning inthat they explain how it is that the speakers often “mean morethan they say” in their communications. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　"We may decide to withhold whatever information wepossess:’ No comment!’ We may inadvertently infringe a maximor we can secretly violate a maxim—e.g. A could maliciouslyand falsely tell B that Janet had walked in the oppositedirection from the post office. Or – more importantly – we canmake a blatant show of breaking one of the maxims (Grice termsthis flouting a maxim), in order to lead the addressee to lookfor a covert, implied meaning."[22] . For examples,(3)  "At the time of recording, all the members of the castwere members of The BBC Players. ( Implicature: One or more ofthem are no longer members of The BBC Players.)"[23]
　　
　　Generally speaking, "in Grice’s analysis, the speaker’sflouting of a maxim combined with the hearer’s assumption thatthe speaker has nor really abandoned the co-operativeprinciple leads to an implicature"[24]. One thing thatdeserves our attention is that the four maxims, expressed inthe imperative mood have sometimes been misunderstood asinstructions for a speaker to behave in conversation.
　　
　　5.Possible violating the Cooperative Principle in the use ofeuphemismsIn the light of the foregoing literature review and thetheoretical bases, we know that euphemisms or euphemisticexpressions are important and people often use them incommunication. In reality, it can be found that thesediplomats and statesmen etc. also use euphemisms oreuphemistic expressions in the question-answer patterns. Thesestatesmen make sharp things or unpleasant things soundpleasant etc. otherwise the use of euphemisms may even causemisunderstandings. So the next we will talk aboutcommunication with the theories of Cooperative Principle. Forexample, to be specific, diplomatic euphemisms of pressconferences are mainly chosen as the substitution of anagreeable or inoffensive word or expression for one that isharsh, indelicate or unpleasant to the other side. They arechosen from both the lexical approach and the rhetoricalapproach. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　In communication like the question-answer patterns inpress conferences, generally people or participants arerequired to observe the CP in order to make their conversationmoves forward smoothly and successfully. But in reality, inorder to meet a certain communicative need, especially inpress conferences concerning diplomacy, actually people seldomspeaks by always faithfully observing these four maxims of theCP. Therefore Grice himself also suggests 5 ways participantscan deal with these maxims. First, speakers canstraightforwardly follow the maxims, that is, they can speakthe truth while giving just enough relevant information in aclear, unambiguous, succinct and orderly manner. Many peopledo just that most of time. Second, someone may violate amaxim, as you would do if you told a deliberate lie. A thirdthing that can happen is that a speaker can ‘opt out’ of amaxim, this seems to be an uncommon occurrence. The fourthpossibility is the maxim clash; cases in which you would haveto violate one maxim in order to fulfill another. And perhapsthis is the most case of violation of the maxims in pressconferences. The fifth and most intriguing way to deal withthe maxims of conversation is to flout one of them. When amaxim is flouted, a speaker doesn't observe the maxim, butcannot be accused of violating it either, because thetransgression is so flagrant that it is totally obvious thatthe speaker knows he or she is not observing it and realizeseveryone else in the conversation knows it too.

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