浅析英语中的性别歧视现象,标签：英语论文范文,毕业论文范文,http://www.dxs56.com
　　
　　But other professionals like secretary, nurse, typist,receptionist, dressmaker, are often used to indicate females.
　　
　　When they are used to refer to males, you should add male orman before them, such as: male nurse, male typist, and malesecretary. It makes clear that men monopolize the high statusprofessionals. Women can only do service work or low socialstatus work.
　　
　　English is a kind of super masculine language. This can beeasily seen in compound words formed by word plus manstructure, such as chairman, businessman, congressman,newsman, statesman, salesman, mailman, policeman, andspokesman. From these words, we can easily know that males arethe center of the society. These jobs are certainly taken bymales and women are completely excluded.
　　
　　In addition, there are some female professionals formed byadding the bound morpheme such as –ess, -ine to the root. Forexample:
　　
　　Male                  Femalepoet poetessprince princessgod goddesscount countesshero heroineThis kind of word-formation seems to tell that women arederived from men and attached to men. These discriminatorypractices often make women invisible and treat them secondary.
　　
　　3.1.5 Word orderSexism in language is also reflected in word order. When menand women are presented together, usually words denoting malesex are put in front of female sex. Making females come secondreflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women.
　　
　　It is not hard to find male-female word order pairs in Englishliterature, newspaper, magazines as well as in speech, such asmale and female, husband and wife, father and mother, boys andgirls, his and hers, son and daughter, brother and sister,host and hostess, king and queen, Adam and Eve and so on. Nomatter in books or on radio, even in daily dialogue, we canoften read and hear such words: www.dxs56.com
　　
　　(1) Good morning, boys and girls!
　　
　　(2) They would have allowed males and females to go to schooltogether.
　　
　　Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so unquestionablynatural as to be widely accepted as a language norm.
　　
　　However, there are also cases in which male-female order isreversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies andgentlemen. The former shows that marriage is important towomen and the latter is influenced by the notion that menshould protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesn’tshow that women are more superior to men or ladies first, butindicates that in men’s mind, women, the same as children, arethe weaker ones.[10]
　　
　　3.2 Semantic derogation of womenLanguage has a tendency to neglect women, treat women assubmission and also demean women.[11] The process of wordsthat refer to women acquiring demeaning or sexual connotationshas been widely observed, and has been called semanticderogation.
　　
　　3.2.1 Non-parallel semantic developments of paired termsMany sociolinguists have claimed that words become negativewhen shifted into the female sphere, while male has remainedpure and neutral. For example:
　　
　　(1) King and queenOne is masculine, the other feminine and both mean “ruler ofan independent state”. King has retained its initial meaning,but besides the core meaning of queen, queen is also used as“a disparaging term for a gay or homosexual man”.
　　
　　(2) Master and mistressBoth of them indicate ‘someone who possesses and/or has powerover someone or something else. For example: “ He is mymaster.” usually means “He is my boss.” or “He has more powerthan me.” While “She is my mistress.” is more likely to beinterpreted as meaning ‘She is my illicit lover.’ Mistressoriginally refers to a woman in a position of authority,control, and ownership, as the head of a household like ahousekeeper, but it implies a woman who has a continuingsexual relationship with a usually married man who is not herhusband and from whom she generally receives material support. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　(3) Wizard and witchBoth of them can be used to refer to people with evil magicpowers. Wizard also has a meaning of person with extraordinaryabilities, while witch means an ugly old woman.
　　
　　(4) Sir and madamSir and madam both can be used to refer to high status people.
　　
　　Madam is used formerly as a courtesy title before a woman’sgiven name but now used only before a surname or titleindicating rank or office or used as a form of polite addressfor a woman. Unlike sir, madam is also used to refer to abrothel keeper. There are also many other examples such aslord and lady, governor and governess. The examples citedabove demean women rather than men.
　　
　　3.2.2 Semantic collocation and change(1) Semantic collocationIn English, a word may have different connotations when it isused to describe different sexes. For example:

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