浅析英语中的性别歧视现象,标签：英语论文范文,毕业论文范文,http://www.dxs56.com
　　
　　① imposinga.  He is imposing.
　　
　　b.  She is imposing.
　　
　　Sentence a means “He is impressive and admirable.” Whilesentence b could be interpreted to mean that “She isdisgusting and apathetic.” When the sex changes, so does themeaning.
　　
　　② looseLoose seems a neutral word for both male and female. But “aloose woman” reminds people of “a woman considered to besexually promiscuous” whereas “a loose man” just means “acasual man”.[12]
　　
　　③ trampIt is defined as “a person with no home or job, who wandersfrom place to place” or “a woman considered to be sexuallyimmoral (esp. in American English).” In the example, He/She isa tramp. For the male, tramp refers to a vagrant whereas forthe female it can mean that she is promiscuous.
　　
　　From the above, we can see that the same word shifts frombeing positive to being negative once it has moved fromreferring to a male to a female.[13]
　　
　　(2) Semantic changeBesides, words, which begin with either neutral or positiveconnotations over time, acquire negative implications andfinally end up as “sexual slurs”. For example, the term hussyderives from Old English huswif (“housewife”), which means“the female head of the house”. The term graduallydeteriorated to “a rustic rude woman” and finally comes tomean “an indecent, impudent woman or prostitute”.[14] www.dxs56.com
　　
　　3.2.3 MetaphorLanguage exists to allow us to communicate with one another.
　　
　　To this end, language serves two purposes: to communicate whatour reality is and also what we wish it to be. So if weidentify a trait in a language, such as sexism or other formsof prejudice, this only reveals a prejudice that exists insociety. Language, in particular metaphor, helps form socialreality. There are many metaphors to describe a female. Butoften it has a totally different meaning.
　　
　　(1) food metaphorSome food words can also be used to refer to females, suchas cheese cake (奶酪蛋糕——****女画)，cherry (樱桃——处女)，cookie(点心——可爱的女人)，crumpet (松脆饼——性感女人)，tart (果馅饼——妓女)，tomato(西红柿——漂亮女人), honey (蜜糖——宝贝、亲爱的), piece (点心——女人)，peach(桃子——漂亮女人) and so on. Men often use these words to expresstheir appreciation to women. It even includes the meaning thatmen treat women as dolls.[15]
　　
　　(2) animal metaphorThere are also many words showing contempt for women. Theyembody sexual discrimination but still enjoy great popularity.
　　
　　For example: chick (小鸡——少女)，kitten(小猫——活泼年轻的姑娘)，bitch（母狗——泼妇），cat (猫——丑妇、贱妇、讨厌的女人)，dragon(龙——倔强的女人)，hen (母鸡——爱管闲事的女人), cow (奶牛——子女多的女人、妓女)，crone(老母羊——干瘪的丑老太婆) and mare-horse (母马——粗声大气、肥胖固执的女人) and so on.
　　
　　[16] These are all pejorative terms for women, because animalsare considered to be inferior to human beings on the earth. Sousing animals to refer to females indicates that females areinferior.
　　
　　The semantic derogation of women helps to construct femaleinferiority and because women are confined to negative terms,women continue to be devalued.
　　
　　4. Signs of the fading of sexism in the English LanguageLanguage is not only used to exchange ideas, conveyinformation, but also used to set up and maintain theharmonious relationship between human beings, create and keepthe effective communication environment among social membersand groups. Any form of sexist language, whether on purpose ornot, will probably stand off or offend some social member orgroup. Language and language use mirror social attitudes andstereotypes and bias. www.dxs56.com
　　
　　Along with the women’s liberation movement, people began torealize the importance of the language reform and desexismbecomes necessary. Then, should sexist language be changed oravoided? The answer is definitely positive, but how? The mainstrategies here to achieve this goal are avoiding the use ofgeneric masculine, changing some naming and addressing terms,coining new words and advocating some neutral words.
　　
　　4.1 Avoiding using generic masculine pronounsLinguists engaged in study of sexism in the English languageare not satisfied with merely pointing out the problem. As asolution to the problems that the generic masculine cancreate, a number of proposals have been made. A major categoryamong these solutions is to avoid using generic masculine.
　　
　　Some alternatives to avoid generic masculine are offered asfollows:
　　
　　(1) The generic masculine he, his, him should be replaced withhe or she, his or her, him or her, and the like, whichexpressly indicate that women are included in the antecedentof the pronouns. This strategy can be illustrated with thefollowing sentence: Every good citizen should love his or hercountry more than him or herself; he or she should be ready todie for it if the need arises.

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